In 2019, 88% of transgenic plants grown worldwide are tolerant to one or more herbicides, the vast majority of which are glyphosate [2] (see box below). Examples include soybeans, maize, oilseed rape, cotton and rice. The herbicides that transgenic plants ’tolerate’, such as glyphosate or glufosinate ammonium, are non-specific. As a result, their use has become widespread, and herbicide doses have increased. Many weeds have themselves become tolerant to these molecules. In addition, many varieties of rapeseed, sunflower, rice, beet and wheat derived from mutagenesis have been made tolerant to various other herbicides (VrTH). Some of these are not labelled as GMOs, such as the Triazine-resistant OAC Triton oilseed rape [3].
Some companies hold the majority of rights
Two companies in the Corteva group, Pionneer Hi Bred Int. and Dow Agrosiences, have a combined total of 889 patent applications, two-thirds of which are in the US alone. Monsanto and its parent company Bayer have 706 patent applications in a portfolio that is more internationally oriented, as are Syngenta (389) and BASF (339), ranked third and fourth respectively. The South Korean study also provides filing statistics for the top 20 patent filers. Trends in the number of filings and applicants are also detailed for different sub-periods of the study period.
Since 1985, over 90% of herbicide tolerance patent applications have been filed in the USA (2066 ; 55.3%), China (389 ; 18.8%), Europe/CBE [4] (296 ; 9.2%), Japan (163 ; 5.%) and South Korea (102 ; 3.1%).
The South Korean study identifies « standard stages of technology development » reflected by the content of patent applications for herbicide tolerance genes. Since 2010, the number of patent applications for herbicide tolerance genes globally has been declining by about 17% and, for the first time, a downturn in the number of applicants is observed in the period 2015-2019. The study describes this as a « reflux stage » and offers an explanation : "many patent applications were filed in the early development of herbicide resistance genes (Editor’s note : "introduction stage" according to the study), but as competition intensified, only two or three companies filed applications and the number of applications declined [...] this period of decline may be due to a reduction in technology development due to standardisation of technology". Analysis of the progression of these stages leads the South Korean researchers to conclude that there would be no choice but to move towards a « stabilisation of the system [of conquering the herbicide resistance gene market] in a monopolistic position ».
The results of this study seem to reveal a strategic move by the oligopoly of multinational seed companies (Corteva, Bayer, BASF...) : in view of the drying up of possibilities for the development of new chemical herbicides, to choose to concentrate in their hands as many patent rights as possible on the main industrially exploitable herbicide tolerance traits.
Glyphosate on its way out ?
Soybeans are the crop with the highest number of patent applications in the US (1067), as well as in the countries surveyed as a whole. However, as with wheat, oilseed rape, cotton and carnation, the number of patent applications is declining. In the Asian countries, China, Japan and South Korea, rice is the subject of the majority of patent applications (271).
Of all the herbicide tolerance genes analysed by the study, and described in the diagram and table below, four are covered by about 75% of patent applications : ALS, EPSPS, AHAS and HPPD. However, this number of applications is gradually declining over the last period studied, from 2015 to 2019. The presence of the PAT and ALS genes tends to increase in patent applications, which could be interpreted as long-term choices in favour of glufosinate and sulphonylureas as alternatives to glyphosate. Is this because of the tolerance to glyphosate developed by weeds and the proven toxicity of this herbicide for humans and the environment ? [5]. For these reasons, one can worry about the future of our food, in particular the preservation of its diversity.
Herbicide tolerance, how (...)
Herbicide tolerance, how does it work ?
GM plants become tolerant to a herbicide through genetic modification or conventional crosses making them less sensitive to these compounds. In general, either the plant produces a new protein that degrades the toxic molecule, or the protein normally targeted by the herbicide is replaced by a new protein that is not sensitive to that herbicide.
The herbicides classically used on herbicide-tolerant GMOs (glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazoline, etc.) are said to be « broad-spectrum » because they are toxic to most plant families. Weeds, also called « weeds », which nevertheless appear at the end of the crop are generally eliminated mechanically.
In addition to the pollution resulting from their use, the techniques for developing herbicide-tolerant GMPs pose a problem, particularly in terms of effectiveness. To the point of having to add new tolerance genes to other herbicides but also to genetically modify GMOs to eliminate herbicide residues in their tissues [6].
